East Asia is the eastern region of Asia, which is defined in both geographical and ethno-cultural terms.[1][2] The modern states of East Asia include China (People's Republic of China), Hong Kong (SAR of PRC), Japan, Macau (SAR of PRC), Mongolia, North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea), South Korea (Republic of Korea) and Taiwan (Republic of China).[3] The East Asian states of China, North Korea, South Korea and Taiwan are all unrecognized by at least one other East Asian state due to severe ongoing political tensions in the region, specifically the division of Korea and the political status of Taiwan. Hong Kong and Macau, two small coastal quasi-dependent territories located in the south of China, are officially highly autonomous but are under de jure Chinese sovereignty. North Asia borders East Asia's north, Southeast Asia the south, South Asia the southwest and Central Asia the west. To the east is the Pacific Ocean and to the southeast is Micronesia (a Pacific Ocean island group, classified as part of Oceania).
East Asia, especially Chinese civilization, is regarded as one of the earliest cradles of civilization. Other ancient civilizations in East Asia that still exist as independent countries in the present day include the Japanese, Korean and Mongolian civilizations. Various other civilizations have existed in East Asia during ancient times but have since been absorbed into neighbouring civilizations in the present day, such as Tibet, Baiyue, Manchuria and Ryukyu, among many others. Taiwan has a relatively young history in the region after the prehistoric era; originally, it was a major site of Austronesian civilization prior to colonization by European colonial powers and China from the 17th century onward. For thousands of years, China largely influenced East Asia as it was principally the leading civilization in the region exerting its prestige and influence onto its neighbors.[4][5][6] Historically, societies in East Asia have fallen within the Chinese sphere of influence, and East Asian vocabulary and scripts are often derived from Classical Chinese and Chinese script. The Chinese calendar preserves traditional East Asian culture and serves as the root to which many other East Asian calendars are derived from. Major religions in East Asia include Buddhism (mostly Mahayana[7]), Confucianism and Neo-Confucianism, Taoism, Ancestral worship, and Chinese folk religion in Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan, Shintoism in Japan, and Christianity, and Sindoism in Korea.[8][9][10] Tengerism and Tibetan Buddhism is prevalent among Mongols and Tibetans while other religions such as Shamanism are widespread among the indigenous populations of northeastern China such as the Manchus.[11]Template:SfnbTemplate:Sfnb Major languages in East Asia include Mandarin Chinese, Japanese, and Korean. Major ethnic groups of East Asia include the Han (mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan), Yamato (Japan) and Koreans (North Korea, South Korea). Mongols, although not as populous as the previous three ethnic groups, constitute the majority of Mongolia's population. There are 76 officially-recognized minority or indigenous ethnic groups in East Asia; 55 native to mainland China (including Hui, Manchus, Chinese Mongols, Tibetans, Uyghurs and Zhuang in the frontier regions), 16 native to the island of Taiwan (collectively known as Taiwanese indigenous peoples), one native to the major Japanese island of Hokkaido (the Ainu) and four native to Mongolia (Turkic peoples). Ryukyuan people are an unrecognised ethnic group indigenous to the Ryukyu Islands in southern Japan, which stretch from Kyushu Island (Japan) to Taiwan. There are also several unrecognised indigenous ethnic groups in mainland China and Taiwan.
East Asians comprise around Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character "[". billion people, making up about 38% of the population in Continental Asia and 22% of the global population.[12][13][14] The region is home to major world metropolises such as Beijing, Hong Kong, Seoul, Shanghai, Taipei, and Tokyo. Although the coastal and riparian areas of the region form one of the world's most populated places, the population in Mongolia and Western China, both landlocked areas, is very sparsely distributed, with Mongolia having the lowest population density of a sovereign state. The overall population density of the region is Template:Convert, about three times the world average of Template:Convert.Template:WhenTemplate:Citation needed
East Asia has some of the world's largest and most prosperous economies: Mainland China, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macau.[15]
History[]
- Main article: History of East Asia
China was the first region settled in East Asia and was undoubtedly the core of East Asian civilization from where other parts of East Asia were formed.[16] The various other regions in East Asia were selective in the Chinese influences they adopted into their local customs. Historian Ping-ti Ho famously labeled Chinese civilization as the "Cradle of Eastern Civilization", in parallel with the "Cradle of Western Civilization" along the Fertile Crescent encompassing Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt.[17]
Chinese civilization existed for about 1500 years before other East Asian civilizations emerged into history, Imperial China would exert much of its cultural, economic, technological, and political muscle onto its neighbors.[18][19][20][21] Succeeding Chinese dynasties exerted enormous influence across East Asia culturally, economically, politically and militarily for over two millennia.[21][22][23] The Imperial Chinese tributary system shaped much of East Asia's history for over two millennia due to Imperial China's economic and cultural influence over the region, and thus played a huge role in the history of East Asia in particular.[24][25][20] Imperial China's cultural preeminence not only led the country to become East Asia's first literate nation in the entire region, it also supplied Japan and Korea with Chinese loanwords and linguistic influences rooted in their writing systems.[26]
Under Emperor Wu of Han, the Han dynasty made China the regional power in East Asia, projecting much of its imperial power on its neighbors.[21][27] Han China hosted the largest unified population in East Asia, the most literate and urbanized as well as being the most economically developed, as well as the most technologically and culturally advanced civilization in the region at the time.[28][29] Cultural and religious interaction between the Chinese and other regional East Asian dynasties and kingdoms occurred. China's impact and influence on Korea began with the Han dynasty's northeastern expansion in 108 BC when the Han Chinese conquered the northern part of the Korean peninsula and established a province called Lelang. Chinese influence would soon take root in Korea through the inclusion of the Chinese writing system, monetary system, rice culture, and Confucian political institutions.[30] Jomon society in ancient Japan incorporated wet-rice cultivation and metallurgy through its contact with Korea. Starting from the fourth century AD, Japan incorporated the Chinese writing system which evolved into Kanji by the fifth century AD and has become a significant part of the Japanese writing system.[31] Utilizing the Chinese writing system allowed the Japanese to conduct their daily activities, maintain historical records and give form to various ideas, thoughts, and philosophies.[32] During the Tang dynasty, China exerted its greatest influence on East Asia as various aspects of Chinese culture spread to Japan and Korea.[33][34] As full-fledged medieval East Asian states were established, Korea by the fourth century AD and Japan by the seventh century AD, Japan and Korea actively began to incorporate Chinese influences such as Confucianism, the use of written Han characters, Chinese style architecture, state institutions, political philosophies, religion, urban planning, and various scientific and technological methods into their culture and society through direct contacts with Tang China and succeeding Chinese dynasties.[35][36][37] Drawing inspiration from the Tang political system, Prince Naka no oe launched the Taika Reform in 645 AD where he radically transformed Japan's political bureaucracy into a more into a more centralized bureaucratic empire.[38] The Japanese also adopted Mahayana Buddhism, Chinese style architecture, and the imperial court's rituals and ceremonies, including the orchestral music and state dances had Tang influences. Written Chinese gained prestige and aspects of Tang culture such as poetry, calligraphy, and landscape painting became widespread.[39] During the Nara period, Japan began to aggressively import Chinese culture and styles of government which included Confucian protocol that served as a foundation for Japanese culture as well as political and social philosophy.[40][41] The Japanese also created laws adopted from the Chinese legal system that was used to govern in addition to the kimono, which was inspired from the Chinese robe (hanfu) during the eighth century AD.[42] For many centuries, most notably from the 7th to the 14th centuries, China stood as East Asia's most advanced civilization and foremost military and economic power exerting its influence as the transmission of advanced Chinese cultural practices and ways of thinking greatly shaped the region up until the nineteenth century.[43][44][45][46]
As East Asia's connections with Europe and the Western world strengthened during the late nineteenth century, China's power began to decline.[18][47] By the mid-nineteenth century, the weakening Qing dynasty became fraught with political corruption, obstacles and stagnation that was incapable of rejuvenating itself as a world power in contrast to the industrializing Imperial European colonial powers and a rapidly modernizing Japan.[48][49] The U.S. Commodore Matthew C. Perry would open Japan to Western ways, and the country would expand in earnest after the 1860s.[50][51][52] Around the same time, Japan with its rush to modernity transformed itself from an isolated feudal samurai state into East Asia's first industrialized nation in the modern era.[53][54][51] The modern and militarily powerful Japan would galvanize its position in the Orient as East Asia's greatest power with a global mission poised to advance to lead the entire world.[53][55] By the early 1900s, the Japanese empire succeeded in asserting itself as East Asia's most dominant power.[55] With its newly found international status, Japan would begin to challenge the European colonial powers and inextricably took on a more active geopolitical position in East Asia and world affairs at large.[56] Flexing its nascent political and military might, Japan soundly defeated the stagnant Qing dynasty during the First Sino-Japanese War as well as vanquishing imperial rival Russia in 1905; the first major military victory in the modern era of an East Asian power over a European one.[57][58][59][60][50] Its hegemony was the heart of an empire that would include Taiwan and Korea.[53] During World War II, Japanese expansionism with its imperialist aspirations through the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere would incorporate Korea, Taiwan, much of eastern China and Manchuria, Hong Kong, and Southeast Asia under its control establishing itself as a maritime colonial power in East Asia.[61] After a century of exploitation by the European and Japanese colonialists, post-colonial East Asia saw the defeat and occupation of Japan by the victorious Allies as well as the division of China and Korea during the Cold War. The Korean peninsula became independent but then it was divided into two rival states, while Taiwan became the main territory of de facto state Republic of China after the latter lost Mainland China to the People's Republic of China in the Chinese Civil War. During the latter half of the twentieth century, the region would see the post war economic miracle of Japan, which ushered in three decades of unprecedented growth, only to experience an economic slowdown during the 1990s, but nonetheless Japan continues to remain a global economic power. East Asia would also see the economic rise of South Korea and Taiwan, and the integration of Mainland China into the global economy through its entry in the World Trade Organization while enhancing its emerging international status as a potential world power.[3][62][63] Although there have been no wars in East Asia for decades, the stability of the region remains fragile because of North Korea's nuclear program.
Definitions[]
In common usage, the term "East Asia" typically refers to a region including Greater China, Japan, and Korea.[64][65][66][67][12][68][69][70][71][72][63]
China, Japan, and Korea represent the three core countries and civilizations of traditional East Asia - as they once shared a common written language, culture, as well as sharing Confucian philosophical tenets and the Confucian societal value system once instituted by Imperial China.[73][74][75][76][77] Other usages define Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Japan, North Korea, South Korea and Taiwan as countries that constitute East Asia based on their geographic proximity as well as historical and modern cultural and economic ties, particularly with Japan and Korea having strong cultural influences that originated from China.[73][77][78][79][80][81] Some scholars include Vietnam as part of East Asia as it has been considered part of the greater Chinese sphere of influence. Though Confucianism continues to play an important role in Vietnamese culture, Chinese characters are no longer used in its written language and many scholarly organizations classify Vietnam as a Southeast Asian country.[82][83][84] Mongolia is geographically north of Mainland China yet Confucianism and the Chinese writing system and culture had limited impact on Mongolian society. Thus, Mongolia is sometimes grouped with Central Asian countries such as Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Kazakhstan.[82][83] Xinjiang (East Turkestan) and Tibet are sometimes seen as part of Central Asia.[85][86][87]
Broader and looser definitions by international organizations such as the World Bank refer to the "three major Northeast Asian economies, i.e. Mainland China, Japan, and South Korea", as well as Mongolia, North Korea, the Russian Far East and Siberia.[88] The Council on Foreign Relations includes the Russia Far East, Mongolia, and Nepal.[89] The World Bank also acknowledges the roles of sub-national or de facto states, such as Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan. The Economic Research Institute for Northeast Asia defines the region as "China, Japan, the Koreas, Nepal, Mongolia, and eastern regions of the Russian Federation".[90]
The UNSD definition of East Asia is based on statistical convenience,[91] but also other common definitions of East Asia contain the Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, Taiwan and Japan.[1][92]
Alternative definitions[]
There are mixed debates around the world whether these countries or regions should be considered in East Asia or not.
- Far Eastern Federal District in Russia (often described as North Asia due to its location, although this part of Russia is often seen as more closely related to its East Asian neighbours)Template:Citation needed
- Sovereignty issues exist over some territories in the South China Sea.Template:Citation needed
In business and economics, "East Asia" is sometimes used to refer to a wide geographical area covering ten Southeast Asian countries in ASEAN, Greater China, Japan and Korea. However, in this context, the term "Far East" is used by the Europeans to cover ASEAN countries and the countries in East Asia. However, being a Eurocentric term, Far East describes the region's geographical position in relation to Europe rather than its location within Asia. Alternatively, the term "Asia Pacific Region" is often used in describing East Asia, Southeast Asia as well as Oceania.Template:Citation needed
Observers preferring a broader definition of "East Asia" often use the term Northeast Asia to refer to China, the Korean Peninsula, and Japan, with Southeast Asia covering the ten ASEAN countries. This usage, which is seen in economic and diplomatic discussions, is at odds with the historical meanings of both "East Asia" and "Northeast Asia".[93][94][95] The Council on Foreign Relations of the United States defines Northeast Asia as Japan and Korea.[89]
Economy[]
- Main article: Economy of East Asia
Customs territory | GDP nominal billions of USD (2020)[96] |
GDP nominal per capita USD (2020)[96] |
GDP PPP billions of USD (2020)[96] |
GDP PPP per capita USD (2020)[96] |
---|---|---|---|---|
Template:CHN | 15,222.155 | 10,839.435 | 24,162.435 | 17,205.654 |
Template:HKG[97] | 341.319 | 45,175.727 | 439.459 | 58,165.200 |
Template:MAC[98] | 26.348 | 38,769.201 | 40.049 | 58,930.534 |
Template:JPN | 4,910.580 | 39,047.860 | 5,236.138 | 41,636.628 |
Template:MNG | 13.385 | 3,989.927 | 41.125 | 12,259.059 |
Template:PRK | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Template:KOR | 1,586.786 | 30,644.427 | 2,293.475 | 44,292.194 |
Template:TWNTemplate:Efn | 635.547 | 26,910.229 | 1,275.805 | 54,019.882 |
Territorial and regional data[]
Etymology[]
Flag | Common Name | Official Name | ISO 3166 Country Codes[99] | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Exonym | Endonym | Exonym | Endonym | ISO Short Name | Alpha-2 Code | Alpha-3 Code | Numeric | |
Template:Flagdeco | China | Template:Lang | People's Republic of China | Template:Lang | China | CN | CHN | 156 |
Template:Flagdeco | Hong Kong | Template:Lang | Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China |
Template:Lang | Hong Kong | HK | HKG | 344 |
Template:Flagdeco | Macau | Template:Lang | Macao Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China |
Template:Lang | Macao | MO | MAC | 446 |
Template:Flagdeco | Japan | Template:Lang | Japan | Template:Lang | Japan | JP | JPN | 392 |
Template:Flagdeco | Mongolia | Template:Lang | Mongolia | Template:Lang(Template:MongolUnicode) | Mongolia | MN | MNG | 496 |
Template:Flagdeco | North Korea | Template:Lang | Democratic People's Republic of Korea | Template:Lang | Korea (the Democratic People's Republic of) | KP | PRK | 408 |
Template:Flagdeco | South Korea | Template:Lang | Republic of Korea | Template:Lang | Korea (the Republic of) | KR | KOR | 410 |
Template:Flagdeco | Taiwan[100] | Template:Lang | Republic of China | Template:Lang | Taiwan (Province of China)[101] | TW | TWN | 158 |
Demographics[]
State/Territory | Area km2 | PopulationTemplate:UN Population (Template:UN Population) |
Population density per km2 |
HDI[102] | Capital/Administrative Center |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Template:Flag | 9,640,011Template:Efn | Template:UN PopulationTemplate:Efn | 138 | 0.752 | Beijing |
Template:HKG | 1,104 | Template:UN Population | 6,390 | 0.933 | Hong Kong |
Template:MAC | 30 | Template:UN Population | 18,662 | 0.909 | Macao |
Template:JPN | 377,930 | Template:UN Population | 337 | 0.909 | Tokyo |
Template:MNG | 1,564,100 | Template:UN Population | 2 | 0.741 | Ulaanbaatar |
Template:PRK | 120,538 | Template:UN Population | 198 | 0.733 | Pyongyang[103] |
Template:KOR | 100,210 | Template:UN Population | 500 | 0.903 | Seoul |
Template:TWN | 36,197 | Template:UN Population | 639 | 0.907 | Taipei[104] |
Ethnic groups[]
- Main article: East Asians
Ethnicity | Native name | Population | Language(s) | Writing system(s) | Major states/territories* | Traditional attire |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Han/Chinese | Template:Lang or Template:Lang | 1,268,000,000Template:Citation needed | Chinese (Mandarin, Cantonese, Shanghainese, Hokkien, Hakka, Gan, Hsiang, etc.) | Simplified Han characters, Traditional Han characters | Template:Flagicon (Template:FlagiconTemplate:Flagicon) Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon | |
Yamato/Japanese | Template:Lang | 125,117,000[105] | Japanese | Han characters (Kanji), Katakana, Hiragana | Template:Flagicon | |
Korean | Template:Lang Template:Lang |
79,432,225Template:Citation needed | Korean | Hangul, Han characters (Hanja) | Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon | |
Bai | Template:Lang | 1,858,063 | Bai, Southwestern Mandarin | Simplified Han characters, Latin script | Template:Flagicon | |
Hui | Template:Lang | 10,586,087Template:Citation needed | Northwestern Mandarin, other Chinese Dialects, Huihui language, etc. | Simplified Han charactersTemplate:Efn | Template:Flagicon | |
Mongols | Template:Lang/Монголчууд/Template:MongolUnicode Монгол/Template:MongolUnicode |
8,942,528 | Mongolian | Mongol script, Cyrillic script | Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon | |
Zhuang | Template:Lang/Template:Lang | 18,000,000 | Zhuang, Southwestern Mandarin, etc. | Simplified Han characters, Latin script | Template:Flagicon | |
Uyghurs | Template:Lang/ئۇيغۇر | 15,000,000+[106] | Uighur | Arabic alphabet, Cyrillic script | Template:FlagiconTemplate:Efn | |
Manchus | Template:Lang/Template:ManchuSibeUnicode | 10,422,873Template:Citation needed | Northeastern Mandarin, Manchu language | Simplified Han characters, Mongol script | Template:Flagicon | |
Hmong/Miao | Template:Lang/Ghaob Xongb/Hmub/Mongb | 9,426,007Template:Citation needed | Hmong/Miao, Southwestern Mandarin | Latin script, Simplified Han characters | Template:Flagicon | |
Tibetans | Template:Lang/Template:Bo-textonly | 6,500,000 | Tibetan, Rgyal Rong, Rgu, etc. | Tibetan script | Template:Flagicon | |
Yi | Template:Lang/Template:Lang | 8,714,393 | Various Loloish, Southwestern Mandarin | Yi script, Simplified Han characters | Template:Flagicon | |
Tujia | Template:Lang | 8,353,912 | Northern Tujia, Southern Tujia | Simplified Han characters | Template:Flagicon | |
Kam | Template:Lang/Gaeml | 2,879,974 | Gaeml | Simplified Han characters, Latin script | Template:Flagicon | |
Tu | Template:Lang/Monguor | 289,565 | Tu, Northwestern Mandarin | Simplified Han characters | Template:Flagicon | |
Daur | Template:Lang/Template:MongolUnicode | 131,992 | Daur, Northeastern Mandarin | Mongol script, Simplified Han characters | Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon | |
Indigenous Taiwanese Peoples | Template:Lang/Pangcah, etc. | 533,600 | Austronesian languages (Amis, Yami), etc. | Latin script, Traditional Han characters | Template:Flagicon | |
Ryukyuan | Template:LangTemplate:Lang | 1,900,000 | Japanese Ryukyuan |
Han characters (Kanji), Katakana, Hiragana | Template:Flagicon (Template:Flagicon) Template:Flagicon | |
Ainu | Template:Lang | 200,000 | Japanese Ainu[107] |
Han characters (Kanji), Katakana, Hiragana | Template:Flagicon |
- Note: The order of states/territories follows the population ranking of each ethnicity, within East Asia only.
East Asian culture[]
- Main article: Culture of East Asia
Template:Main category
Overview[]
The culture of East Asia has largely been influenced by China, as it was the civilization that had the most dominant influence in the region throughout the ages that ultimately laid the foundation for East Asian civilization.[108] The vast knowledge and ingenuity of Chinese civilization and the classics of Chinese literature and culture were seen as the foundations for a civilized life in East Asia. Imperial China served as a vehicle through which the adoption of Confucian ethical philosophy, Chinese calendar system, political and legal systems, architectural style, diet, terminology, institutions, religious beliefs, imperial examinations that emphasized a knowledge of Chinese classics, political philosophy and cultural value systems, as well as historically sharing a common writing system reflected in the histories of Japan and Korea.[109][21][110][111][112][113][114][115][77] The Imperial Chinese tributary system was the bedrock of network of trade and foreign relations between China and its East Asian tributaries, which helped to shape much of East Asian affairs during the ancient and medieval eras. Through the tributary system, the various dynasties of Imperial China facilitated frequent economic and cultural exchange that influenced the cultures of Japan and Korea and drew them into a Chinese international order.[116][117] The Imperial Chinese tributary system shaped much of East Asia's foreign policy and trade for over two millennia due to Imperial China's economic and cultural dominance over the region, and thus played a huge role in the history of East Asia in particular.[25][117] The relationship between China and its cultural influence on East Asia has been compared to the historical influence of Greco-Roman civilization on Europe and the Western World.[113][111][117][109]
Religions[]
- Main article: East Asian religions
Religion | Native name | Creator/Current Leader | Founded Time | Main Denomination | Major book | Type | Est. Followers | Ethnic groups | States/territories |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chinese folk religion | 中国民间信仰 | Spontaneous formation | 5000 years from nowTemplate:Citation needed | Salvationist, Wuism, Nuo | Chinese classics, Huangdi Sijing, precious scrolls, etc. | Prehistoric,pantheism,and polytheism | ~900,000,000[118][119] | Han, Hmong, Qiang, Tujia (worship of the same ancestor-gods) | Template:Flagicon (Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon) Template:Flagicon |
Taoism | Template:Lang | Zhang Daoling, was consider the founder of Taoism by Taoists. He founded Zhengyi, the earlist denomination of Taoism. Zhang Daoling reformed the Chinese folk religion from Szechuan, into a real, organized, and regulated religion, in 125A.D.. Wang Chongyang founded the Quanzhen Denomination. Tale says Wang Chongyang met two Gods, Lü Dongbin and Han Zhongli, during Jin dynasty (1115–1234) in 1159. He then get started to study Taosim himself. Three years later, he finished his studying, and founded Quanzhen. The new leader of Zhengyi need to be the son or paternal nephew of the previous leader, confirmed by the court of Zhengyi, in Mount Longhu, Jiangxi. Also beginning from the Song Dynasty, the leaders of Zhengyi get started to be confirmed and titled by the Emperor of China. In 1949, the 63th leader, Zhang Enfu, fled to Taiwan with Chiang Kai-shek, leader of the Kuomintang, died in 1969 in Taipei. The Kuomintang Authority titled his cousin Zhang Yuanxian as the 64th leader, while the Court of Zhengyi back in Jiangxi argued that the oracle already foreseen the leadership will end at the 63th generation. Zhang Yuanxian died in 2008, only left a daughter as heir. Meanwhile, the Kuomintang Authority didn't confirmed the next leader. On the other hand, in Mainland China, Zhang Enfu's second daughter's son, Lu Jintao, changes his surname to Zhang, and get in charge of the Court of Zhengyi currently. For the leader of Quanzhen, the last (18th) leader (1335-1362) was Wanyan Deming, titled by the Emperor of Yuan Dynasty. Wanyan Deming was a Jurchen Taoist, the Wanyan family was the imperial house of Jin Dynasty. There is no official leader pf Quanzhen after Wanyan Deming anymore.Template:Citation needed | 125 A.D. Eastern Han dynastyTemplate:Citation needed | Zhengyi, Quanzhen | Tao Te Ching | Pantheism, polytheism | ~20,000,000[119] | Han, Zhuang, Hmong, Yao, Qiang, Tujia | Template:Flagicon (Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon) Template:Flagicon |
East Asian Buddhism/Chinese Buddhism | Template:Lang or Template:Lang | The Emperor of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Liu Zhuang, made a dream about the Buddha occasionally, then sent people to the Western Regions to Introduce Buddhism to the Capital, Chang'an, in 67 A.D. In 384 A.D., during the Eastern Jin dynasty, Indian Mālānanda introduced the Chinese Buddhism to Baekje. In 552 A.D., The King Shengming of Baekje offered Buddhism to the Emperor Kinmei of Japan.Template:Citation needed | 67 A.D. Eastern Han dynasty | Mahayana | Diamond Sutra | Non-God, Dualism. | ~300,000,000 | Han, Korean, Yamato | Template:Flagicon (Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon) Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon |
Tibetan Buddhism | Template:Lang/Template:Bo-textonly | Tonpa Shenrab Miwoche, Prince of the Ancient Xang Xung Kingdom. | 1800 years ago | Mahayana, Bon | Anuttarayoga Tantra | Non-God | ~10,000,000 | Tibetans, Manchus, Mongols | Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon |
ShamanismTemplate:Efn | Template:Lang or Template:Lang | Spontaneous formation | Prehistoric period | N/A | Prehistoric, polytheism, and pantheism | N/A | Manchus, Mongols, Oroqen | Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon | |
Shintoism | Template:Lang | Spontaneous formation | Jōmon period | Shinto sects | Kojiki, Nihon Shoki | Prehistoric,pantheism,and polytheism | N/A | Yamato | Template:Flagicon |
Shindo/Muism | Template:Lang or Template:Lang | Spontaneous formation | 900 years ago | Shindo sects | N/A | Prehistoric,pantheism,and polytheism | N/A | Korean | Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon |
Ryukyuan religion | Template:Lang or Template:Lang | Spontaneous formation | N/A | N/A | N/A | Prehistoric,pantheism,and polytheism | N/A | Ryukyuan | Template:Flagicon (Template:Flagicon) |
Festivals[]
Template:Unreferenced section
Festival | Native Name | Other name | Calendar | Date | Gregorian date | Activity | Religious practices | Food | Major ethnicities | Major states/territories |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lunar New Year | Template:Lang/Template:Lang or Template:Lang/Template:Lang | Spring Festival | Chinese | Month 1 Day 1 | 21 Jan–20 Feb | Family Reunion, Ancestors Worship, Tomb Sweeping, Fireworks | Worship the King of Gods | Jiaozi | Han, Manchus etc. | Template:Flagicon (Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon) Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon |
Korean New Year | Template:Lang or Template:Lang | Seollal | Korean | Month 1 Day 1 | 21 Jan–20 Feb | Ancestors Worship, Family Reunion, Tomb Sweeping | N/A | Tteokguk | Korean | Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon |
Losar or Tsagaan Sar | Template:Lang/Template:Bo-textonly or Template:Lang/Template:Lang | White Moon | Tibetan, Mongolian | Month 1 Day 1 | 25 Jan – 2 Mar | Family Reunion, Ancestors Worship, Tomb Sweeping, Fireworks | N/A | Chhaang or Buuz | Tibetans, Mongols, Tu etc. | Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon |
New Year | Template:Lang | Yuan Dan | Gregorian | 1 Jan | 1 Jan | Fireworks | N/A | N/A | N/A | Template:Flagicon (Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon) Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon |
Lantern Festival | Template:Lang or Template:Lang | Upper Yuan Festival (Template:Lang) | Chinese | Month 1 Day 15 | 4 Feb – 6 Mar | Lanterns Expo, Ancestors Worship, Tomb Sweeping | Birthdate of the God of Sky-officer | Yuanxiao | Han | Template:Flagicon (Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon) Template:Flagicon* |
Daeboreum | Template:Lang or Template:Lang | Great Full Moon | Korean | Month 1 Day 15 | 4 Feb – 6 Mar | Greeting of the moon, kite-flying, Jwibulnori, eating nuts (Bureom) | Bonfires (daljip taeugi) | Ogok-bap, namul, nuts | Korean | Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon |
Hanshi Festival | Template:Lang or Template:Lang | Cold Food Festival | Solar term | Traditionally, on the 105th day after the Winter solstice. Revised to 1 day before the Qingming Festival by Johann Adam Schall von Bell (Chinese: 汤若望) during the Qing dynasty. | April 3–5 | Ancestors Worship, Tomb Sweeping, No cooking hot meal/setting fire, Cold food only. Cuju, etc. (People used to mix this one with the Qingming Festival due to their close dates) | In Memory of a loyal Ancient named Jie Zhitui (Chinese: 介子推), ordered by the Monarch of the Jin (Chinese state), Duke Wen of Jin (Chinese: 重耳) | Cold Food, e.g. Qingtuan | Han, Korean, Mongols | Template:Flagicon (Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon) Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon |
Qingming Festival | Template:Lang or Template:Lang | Tomb Sweeping Day | Solar term | 15th day after the Vernal Equinox. Just 1 day after the Hanshi Festival, but in much higher repute. | April 4-6th | Ancestors Worship, Tomb Sweeping, Excursion, Planting trees, Flying kites, Tug of war, Cuju, etc. (Almost the same with the Hanshi Festival's, due to their close dates) | Buring Hell money for deceased family members. Planting willow brances to keep ghosts away from houses. | Boiled eggs | Han, Korean, Mongols | Template:Flagicon (Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon) Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon |
Dragon Boat Festival | Template:Lang or Template:Lang or Template:Lang | Duanwu Festival / Dano (Surit-nal) | Chinese / Korean | Month 5 Day 5 | Driving poisons & plague away. (China - Dragon Boat Race, Wearing colored lines, Hanging felon herb on the front door.) / (Korea - Washing hair with iris water, ssireum) | Worship various Gods | Zongzi / Surichwitteok (rice cake with herbs) | Han, Korean, Yamato | Template:Flagicon (Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon) Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon* | |
Ghost Festival | Template:Lang or Template:Lang or Template:Lang | Mid Yuan Festival | Chinese | Month 7 Day 15 | Ancestors Worship, Tomb Sweeping | Birthdate of the God of Earth-officer | Han, Korean, Yamato | Template:Flagicon (Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon) Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon* | ||
Mid-Autumn Festival | Template:Lang or Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Chinese | Month 8 Day 15 | Family Reunion, Enjoying Moon view | Worship the Moon Goddess | Mooncake | Han | Template:Flagicon (Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon) Template:Flagicon* | |
Chuseok | Template:Lang or Template:Lang | Hangawi | Korean | Month 8 Day 15 | Family Reunion, Ancestors Worship, Tomb Sweeping, Enjoying Moon view | N/A | Songpyeon, Torantang (Taro soup) | Korean | Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon | |
Double Ninth Festival | Template:Lang or Template:Lang | Double Positive Festival | Chinese | Month 9 Day 09 | Climbing Mountain, Taking care of elderly, Wearing Cornus. | Worship various Gods | Han, Korean, Yamato | Template:Flagicon (Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon) Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon* | ||
Lower Yuan Festival | Template:Lang or Template:Lang | N/A | Chinese | Month 10 Day 15 | Ancestors Worship, Tomb Sweeping | Birthdate of the God of Water-officer | Ciba | Han | Template:Flagicon (Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon) Template:Flagicon | |
Dongzhi Festival | Template:Lang or Template:Lang | N/A | Gregorian | Between Dec 21 and Dec 23 | Between Dec 21 and Dec 23 | Ancestors Worship, Rites to dispel bad spirits | N/A | Tangyuan, Patjuk | Han, Korean | Template:Flagicon (Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon) Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon |
Small New Year | Template:Lang | Jizao (Template:Lang) | Chinese | Month 12 Day 23 | Cleaning Houses | Worship the God of Hearth | tanggua | Han, Mongols | Template:Flagicon (Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon) Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon | |
International Labor Day | N/A | N/A | Gregorian | 1 May | 1 May | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Template:Flagicon (Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon) Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon |
International Women's Day | N/A | N/A | Gregorian | 8 Mar | 8 Mar | Taking care of women | N/A | N/A | N/A | All |
*Japan switched the date to the Gregorian calendar after the Meiji Restoration.
*Not always on that Gregorian date, sometimes April 4.
Collaboration[]
East Asian Youth Games[]
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- Main article: East Asian Youth Games
Formerly the East Asian Games, it is a multi-sport event organised by the East Asian Games Association (EAGA) and held every four years since 2019 among athletes from East Asian countries and territories of the Olympic Council of Asia (OCA), as well as the Pacific island of Guam, which is a member of the Oceania National Olympic Committees.
It is one of five Regional Games of the OCA. The others are the Central Asian Games, the Southeast Asian Games (SEA Games), the South Asian Games and the West Asian Games.
Free trade agreements[]
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Name of agreement | Parties | Leaders at the time | Negotiation begins | Signing date | Starting time | Current status |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
China–South Korea FTA | Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon | Xi Jinping, Park Geun-hye | May, 2012 | Jun 01, 2015 | Dec 30, 2015 | Enforced |
China–Japan–South Korea FTA | Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon | Xi Jinping, Shinzō Abe, Park Geun-hye | Mar 26, 2013 | N/A | N/A | 10 round negotiation |
Japan-Mongolia EPA | Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon | Shinzō Abe, Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj | - | Feb 10, 2015 | - | Enforced |
China-Mongolia FTA | Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon | Xi Jinping, Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj | N/A | N/A | N/A | Officially proposed |
China-HK CEPA | Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon | Jiang Zemin, Tung Chee-hwa | - | Jun 29, 2003 | - | Enforced |
China-Macau CEPA | Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon | Jiang Zemin, Edmund Ho Hau-wah | - | Oct 18, 2003 | - | Enforced |
Hong Kong-Macau CEPA | Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon | Carrie Lam, Fernando Chui | Oct 09, 2015 | N/A | N/A | Negotiating |
ECFA | Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon | Hu Jintao, Ma Ying-jeou | Jan 26, 2010 | Jun 29, 2010 | Aug 17, 2010 | Enforced |
CSSTA (Based on ECFA) | Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon | Xi Jinping, Ma Ying-jeou | Mar, 2011 | Jun 21, 2013 | N/A | Abolished |
CSGTA (Based on ECFA) | Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon | Hu Jintao, Ma Ying-jeou | Feb 22, 2011 | N/A | N/A | Suspended |
Military alliances[]
Name | Abbr. | Parties within the region |
---|---|---|
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation | SCO | Template:Flagicon (Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon) Template:Flagicon |
General Security of Military Information Agreement | GSOMIA | Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon |
Sino-North Korean Mutual Aid and Cooperation Friendship Treaty | - | Template:Flagicon (Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon) Template:Flagicon |
Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan | - | Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon |
Mutual Defense Treaty Between the United States and the Republic of Korea | - | Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon |
Taiwan Relations Act (Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty before 1980) | TRA (SAMDT) | Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon |
Major non-NATO ally (Global Partners of NATO) | - | Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon[120] |
Major cities[]
- Main article: Cities of East Asia
Template:Largest urban areas of East Asia
See also[]
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- China–Japan–South Korea trilateral summit
- East Asia Summit
- East Asia–United States relations
- East Asian Community
- East Asian languages
- East Asian studies
- East Asian cultural sphere
Notes[]
Template:Notelist
References[]
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- ↑ "Northeast Asia dominates patent filing growth." Retrieved on August 8, 2001.
- ↑ "Paper: Economic Integration in Northeast Asia." Retrieved on August 8, 2011.
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- ↑ Peter J. Katzenstein and Takashi Shiraishi (2006), Beyond Japan: the dynamics of East Asian regionalism. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, pp. 1–33
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Further reading[]
- Church, Peter. A short history of South-East Asia (John Wiley & Sons, 2017).
- Clyde, Paul H., and Burton F. Beers. The Far East: A History of Western Impacts and Eastern Responses, 1830-1975 (1975) online 3rd edition 1958
- Crofts, Alfred. A history of the Far East (1958) online free to borrow
- Dennett, Tyler. Americans in Eastern Asia (1922) online free
- Ebrey, Patricia Buckley, and Anne Walthall. East Asia: A cultural, social, and political history (Cengage Learning, 2013).
- Embree, Ainslie T., ed. Encyclopedia of Asian history (1988)
- Fairbank, John K., Edwin Reischauer, and Albert M. Craig. East Asia: The great tradition and East Asia: The modern transformation (1960) [2 vol 1960] online free to borrow, famous textbook.
- Flynn, Matthew J. China Contested: Western Powers in East Asia (2006), for secondary schools
- Gelber, Harry. The dragon and the foreign devils: China and the world, 1100 BC to the present (2011).
- Green, Michael J. By more than providence: grand strategy and American power in the Asia Pacific since 1783 (2017) a major scholarly survey excerpt
- Hall, D.G.E. History of South East Asia (Macmillan International Higher Education, 1981).
- Holcombe, Charles. A History of East Asia (2d ed. Cambridge UP, 2017). excerpt
- Iriye, Akira. After Imperialism; The Search for a New Order in the Far East 1921-1931. (1965).
- Jensen, Richard, Jon Davidann, and Yoneyuki Sugita, eds. Trans-Pacific Relations: America, Europe, and Asia in the Twentieth Century (Praeger, 2003), 304 pp online review
- Keay, John. Empire's End: A History of the Far East from High Colonialism to Hong Kong (Scribner, 1997). online free to borrow
- Levinson, David, and Karen Christensen, eds. Encyclopedia of Modern Asia. (6 vol. Charles Scribner's Sons, 2002).
- Mackerras, Colin. Eastern Asia: an introductory history (Melbourne: Longman Cheshire, 1992).
- Macnair, Harley F. & Donald Lach. Modern Far Eastern International Relations. (2nd ed 1955) 1950 edition online free, 780pp; focus on 1900-1950.
- Miller, David Y. Modern East Asia: An Introductory History (Routledge, 2007)
- Murphey, Rhoads. East Asia: A New History (1996)
- Norman, Henry. The Peoples and Politics of the Far East: Travels and studies in the British, French, Spanish and Portuguese colonies, Siberia, China, Japan, Korea, Siam and Malaya (1904) online
- Paine, S. C. M. The Wars for Asia, 1911-1949 (2014) excerpt
- Prescott, Anne. East Asia in the World: An Introduction (Routledge, 2015)
- Ring, George C. Religions of the Far East: Their History to the Present Day (Kessinger Publishing, 2006).
- Szpilman, Christopher W. A., Sven Saaler. "Japan and Asia" in Routledge Handbook of Modern Japanese History (2017) online
- Steiger, G. Nye. A history of the Far East (1936).
- Vinacke, Harold M. A History of the Far East in Modern Times (1964) online free
- Vogel, Ezra. China and Japan: Facing History (2019) excerpt
- Woodcock, George. The British in the Far East (1969) online
External links[]
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