Medical examination photo of Gordon showing his scourged back, widely distributed by Abolitionists to expose the brutality of slavery.
A scourge is a whip or lash, especially a multi-thong type, used to inflict severe corporal punishment or self-mortification. It is usually made of leather.
Etymology[]
The word is most commonly considered to be derived from Old French escorgier - "to whip", going further back to the Vulgar Latin excorrigiare: the Latin prefix ex- "out, off" with its additional English meaning of "thoroughly", plus corrigia - "thong", or in this case "whip". Some connect it to Template:Lang-la, "to flay", built of two Latin parts, ex- ("off") and Template:Lang, "skin".
Description[]
Reproduction of a medieval scourge
A scourge (Template:Lang-la; diminutive: Template:Lang) typically consists of several thongs fastened to a handle. A well known configuration of a scourge is the cat o' nine tails. The cat o' nine tails has two versions: the navy version is made of thick ropes with knotted ends, the army and civil prison versions are usually made of leather.[1]
The scourge, or flail, and the crook are the two symbols of power and domination depicted in the hands of Osiris in Egyptian monuments.[2] The shape of the flail or scourge is unchanged throughout history.[1] However, when a scourge is described as a 'flail' as depicted in Egyptian mythology, it may be referring to use as an agricultural instrument. A flail was used to thresh wheat, not implement corporal punishment.[3]
The priests of Cybele scourged themselves and others. Such stripes were considered sacred.Template:Sfn
Hard material can be affixed to multiple thongs to give a flesh-tearing "bite". A scourge with these additions is called a scorpion. Template:Lang is Latin for a Roman Template:Lang and is referred to in the Bible: 1 Kings 12:11: "...My father scourged you with whips; I will scourge you with scorpions" said Rehoboam, referring to increased conscription and taxation beyond Solomon's. The name testifies to the pain caused by the arachnid. Testifying to its generous Roman application is the existence of the Latin words Template:Lang 'carrying a whip' and Template:Lang 'often-lashed slave'.Template:Sfn According to the Gospel of John, Pontius Pilate, the Roman governor of Judea, ordered Jesus to be scourged.[4]
Fifteenth-century woodcut of flagellants scourging themselves
Scourging was soon adopted as a sanction in the monastic discipline of the fifth and following centuries. Early in the fifth century it is mentioned by Palladius of Galatia in the Template:Lang,[5] and Socrates Scholasticus[6] tells us that, instead of being excommunicated, offending young monks were scourged. (See the sixth-century rules of St. Cæsarius of Arles for nuns,[7] and of St. Aurelian of Arles.[8]) Thenceforth scourging is frequently mentioned in monastic rules and councils as a preservative of discipline.[9] Its use as a punishment was general in the seventh century in all monasteries of the severe Columban rule.[10]
Canon law (Decree of Gratian, Decretals of Gregory IX) recognized it as a punishment for ecclesiastics; even as late as the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, it appears in ecclesiastical legislation as a punishment for blasphemy, concubinage and simony. Though doubtless at an early date a private means of penance and mortification, such use is publicly exemplified in the tenth and eleventh centuries by the lives of St. Dominic Loricatus[11] and St. Peter Damian (died 1072). The latter wrote a special treatise in praise of self-flagellation; though blamed by some contemporaries for excess of zeal, his example and the high esteem in which he was held did much to popularize the voluntary use of a small scourge known as a discipline, as a means of mortification and penance. From then on the practice appeared in most medieval religious orders and associations.Template:Sfn
The practice was, of course, capable of abuse, as demonstrated in the thirteenth century by the rise of the fanatical sect of the Flagellants, though in the same period we meet with the private use of the "discipline" by such saintly persons as King Louis IX of France and Elisabeth of Hungary.Template:Sfn
Metaphoric use[]
Semi-literal usages such as "the scourge of God" for Attila the Hun (i.e. "God's whip with which to punish the nations") led to metaphoric uses to mean a severe affliction, e.g. "the scourge of drug abuse".
In Wicca[]
The scourge is described as one of the tools used in Wicca, primarily in the Gardnerian Tradition. The purpose of using the scourge is not to cause pain or to torture, but for purification purposes, particularly for Initiates. The scourge is a reminder to the coven members that one must suffer in order to learn. During the Initiation, the Initiate is scourged by the Initiator gently to follow the Three-Fold Law. It is also used during the Drawing Down the Moon Rite by the High Priestess.Template:Citation needed
In the Legend of the Descent of the Goddess, the Goddess is described as being scourged by the God for rebuffing his love when she goes to the Underworld to learn about death.[12]
See also[]
- Flagellation, includes flogging
- Knout
- Skin
- Whip
Notes[]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Template:1911
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ Template:Cite book
- ↑ Template:Bibleref2
- ↑ Template:Harvnb cites Historia Lausiaca vi
- ↑ Template:Harvnb cites Socrates Hist. Eccl., IV, xxiii
- ↑ Template:Harvnb cites Patrologia Latina, LXVII, 1111
- ↑ Template:Harvnb cites Patrologia Latina, LXVIII, 392, 401-02
- ↑ Template:Harvnb cites Hefele, "Concilieng.", II, 594, 656
- ↑ Template:Harvnb cites St. Columbanus, in "Regula Cœnobialis", c. x, in Patrologia Latina, LXXX, 215 sqq; for later centuries of the early Middle Ages see Louis Thomassin, Vetus ac nova ecclesiae disciplina, II (3), 107; Du Cange, "Glossar. med. et infim. latinit.", s. v. "Disciplina"; Gretser, "De spontaneâ disciplinarum seu flagellorum cruce libri tres" (Ingolstadt, 1603); Franz Quirin von Kober, "Die körperliche Züchtigung als kirchliches Strafmittel gegen Cleriker und Mönche" in Tüb. "Quartalschrift" (1875).
- ↑ Template:Harvnb cites Patrologia Latina, CXLIV, 1017; the surname means 'strapped'
- ↑ Template:Cite book
References[]
- Template:Catholic
Further reading[]
- H. H. Mallinckrodt, Latijn-Nederlands woordenboek (Latin-Dutch dictionary)