Sex reassignment surgery in Singapore

Sex change operations or sex reassignment surgery is more appropriately referred to as gender-affirming surgery, a term which started to be used in the late 20th and early 21st centuries as a more inclusive and respectful alternative. The term reflects the idea that surgery is not changing one's gender, but rather affirming one's gender identity. It also acknowledges the diversity of transgender and nonbinary people who may seek different types of surgical procedures or none at all.

Early sex reassignment surgery

Prof Benjamin Sheares.

Singapore's second President, Benjamin Sheares, was a well known and distinguished O&G surgeon who headed the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at Kandang Kerbau Hospital in the 1940s and 50s. One of his main contributions to medicine was a technique to create an artificial vagina for patients born without one. A modification of Sheares' vaginoplasty technique (Sheares vaginoplasty) was later used by pioneering gynaecologists in the same department like Prof. S Shan Ratnam to perform male-to-female sex reassignment surgery (SRS). Ratnam later trained other younger surgeons like Assoc. Prof. Arunachalam Ilancheran and Ratnam's nephew, Dr. C Ananda Kumar to perform the procedure. The first such operation in Asia took place in Singapore in July 1971. However, before patients could go under the knife, they first had to subject themselves to an exhaustive battery of tests and be given a clean psychological bill of health by Singapore's chief academic psychiatrist Prof. Tsoi Wing Foo of the Department of Psychological Medicine, National University of Singapore. Psychiatrists in Singapore required transgender patients to live and dress as a member of the opposite sex for at least a year before certifying them suitable for sex reassignment surgery. Half of those seen by Prof. Tsoi were not deemed suitable for the operation. His counselling sessions also helped to make transsexuals aware of the difficulties they might face after they have had the operation performed.

First sex change operation

See also: Archive of "First sex change surgery in S'pore", The Straits Times, 31 July 1971

The first sex change surgery in Singapore was successfully performed on Friday, 30 July 1971 at Kandang Kerbau Hospital[1],[2],[3]. The operation involved a 24-year-old male-at-birth individual and was the first procedure of its kind performed in Singapore as well as in Asia. There had been previous “sex-change” operations performed locally, but these mostly involved patients who had both male and female genitalia (hermaphrodites) and the removal of one set of genitalia. The 1971 operation was regarded as a first because it involved a surgical conversion aimed at functionally changing a person's sex.

Patient and diagnosis

The patient was a 24-year-old Singaporean citizen of Chinese heritage. Her name was initially kept secret, but her background was later made public in a book, which also revealed her name as "Shonna". The eldest son in a family of five with two younger sisters, she lived in constant fear as a child because her father was a hot-tempered and aggressive dentist who was often physically violent with his wife. This caused her much psychological trauma as she witnessed her mother suffer multiple beatings at the hands of her father. Stitches and trips to the hospital became commonplace in a household that was supposed to be a bastion of safety and security. Eventually, Shonna moved to her grandmother's abode although she still maintained frequent contact with her mother and two younger sisters. Her grandmother raised her, dressing her up as a female and it was through the elderly woman that Shonna was adopted by the goddess Guanyin (Goddess of Mercy in Buddhism) at their nearby temple. In her teenage years, she associated with other cross-dressers before frequenting the transvestite and transsexual scene at Bugis Street as an adult.

Shonna’s teenage years were no better than her childhood. At school, she was performing abysmally and was unsuccessful in her attempts at obtaining a secondary-level certificate. It did not help that she was often bullied for her appearance. Male students would take her to the movies and force her to masturbate them. Her father tried to get her to work as an assistant at his dental clinic for a while, though this was short-lived. After embarrassing remarks about Shonna’s ambiguous gender, the dentist banished her to perform chores at home. A year before her father died in 1966, Shonna started looking for work on her own. From the age of 16, she first worked as a sales assistant, then as a housemaid for a European man whom she had an affair with and who subsequently forced her to leave the job. She then found work in a bank. Her next occupation was a public relations officer in a hotel. During this stint, Shonna entered a Miss Beauty contest and won the second prize. As a result, she was allowed to model part-time for advertisements and was soon featured in Her World magazine. It was also during this period that Shonna joined a cabaret where she was known as "Mama Chan" and started a social escort service.

While her professional life had started to take off, her personal life was still in a shambles. The woman wanted to be a serious model, get married to a man and settle down. These were things that her physical body and the prevailing laws of the era would not allow her to do. Desperation drove her to attempt suicide twice and left her on the verge of another attempt to kill herself. This was when she decided to seek Professor S Shan Ratnam’s help. Having lived as a woman for some time, she first consulted Ratnam, then senior lecturer in the University of Singapore’s Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, in 1969. She was suffering sexual and emotional problems, which had led to two suicide attempts.

In later years, Ratnam recounted his experience of seeing the young woman sitting outside his office: “She was so attractive, I couldn’t take my eyes off her.” Deep down, he knew that something was wrong – the women who would come see him this late and alone usually wanted an abortion or help with an awkward situation. Nonetheless, he invited the woman into his office and sat her down. “Professor, I want a sex change operation,” she said very frankly. Surprised, he leaned back on his chair and responded, “Why come to me? I don’t know anything about transsexualism”. At that point, sex change operations were virtually unheard of around the world, and there was little medical literature surrounding the topic.

“Professor, you have the right to say no, I’ll accept it. But you may not see me alive again,” she said as she pulled down her shirt to show a large cut mark across her neck. Not knowing what to do, the professor referred her to the psychiatric clinic, hoping that she would not come back. Ratnam explained to her that he had no experience in sex change surgery, but she persisted and continued to visit his clinic weekly. Every evening, at around six, she would wait outside Ratnam’s office, asking him if there were any updates on her case. Eventually, the psychiatrist, Dr Tsoi Wing Foo, wrote back to Ratnam, telling him that Shonna was not only able to give informed consent for the operation, but would also greatly benefit from it.  She had been diagnosed with gender dysphoria, which meant that she possessed a continuous sense of inappropriateness about her anatomic sex and a desire to discard her genitalia and live as a member of the opposite sex. A total of six to nine months of medical and psychiatric tests had to be carried out before the Shonna could undergo the operation. After the results were reported, Ratnam had no choice but to give in. He began to research the subject of transsexualism and sex reassignment surgery. In preparing for what was to eventually be Asia’s first sex change operation, Ratnam referred to a technique created by Singapore’s President (and former professor of gynaecology) Benjamin Sheares. Called the Sheares vaginoplasty, the groundbreaking technique was originally used to create an artificial vagina for those born without one. Ratnam adopted and modified this technique for in sex change operations. He then familiarised himself with the surgery by practising on cadavers.

Shonna underwent a psychological analysis by a team of psychiatrists who confirmed that she was a transgender woman who required surgery. A diagnosis of transsexualism required that the patient possess a continuous sense of inappropriateness about his or her anatomic sex, a desire to discard his or her genitalia and live as a member of the opposite sex, and the absence of physical intersex symptoms or genetic abnormalities. Furthermore, his or her gender confusion (gender dysphoria) must not be caused by other disorders such as schizophrenia. The patient was also cautioned that the surgery would be irreversible, potentially involved a number of complications and required a prolonged follow-up period.

As Shonna’s operation loomed, Ratnam reached out to the Ministry of Health to seek legal clearance. The ministry granted it as long as the procedure was done in secret and without publicity. Nurses, doctors and other workers at the hospital were informed about the instructions. After consideration of the Shonna’s psychological profile and the medical expertise involved and with the approval of the ministry, it was decided to proceed with the operation.

Operation

On Friday, 30 July 1971, the operation was performed by Ratnam and two other top surgeons from the University of Singapore’s Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Associate Professor Khew Khoon Shin and plastic surgeon Mr R Sundarason. Photography of the operation was not permitted and everything was kept secret. That was until a medical student in the operating theatre telephoned his sister, who was then a reporter, to tell her that history was being made. The secret was so badly kept that by the time Prof Ratnam returned to his office after the operation, his phone was constantly ringing. He described the 3-hour operation as a success, with an uneventful post-surgery recovery.

For the first two to three years after Shonna’s operation, Ratnam conceded that he was very worried. Considering that sex change operations were relatively new, he was fearful that patients would regret and resent the irreversible procedure after a few years. Even his own colleagues were talking behind his back about the surgeries. However, as soon as he started getting letters from patients (some calling him a “saviour”) thanking him for his help, he knew he was doing the right thing. According to him, even recovered cancer patients were not as joyous as these individuals. This conviction led Ratnam to establish the Gender Identity Clinic specialising in sex reassignment surgery at the National University Hospital in 1991.

Marriage plans

After the operation, Shonna felt fine and was to leave hospital for home because she had marriage plans[4]. Speaking from her Kandang Kerbau Hospital bed, she said she was engaged to an executive who worked in the same office building as herself. Reclining on her hospital bed and peeling an apple, she said she was feeling fine and waiting to be discharged “very soon."

The 24-year old stenographer also said she would be going back to work on her discharge from hospital. Shonna was subsequently put on hormone replacement therapy and became functionally a woman, with the exception of being unable to conceive or menstruate. She later married a Frenchman and owned a travel agency in Paris, before moving to England.

Impact

The July 1971 operation paved the way for sex change surgery in Singapore and in the region. Singapore’s first sex change operation on a woman took place three years later, between August 1974 to October 1977 (female-to-male conversions are a more complex process and involve several surgical stages). In the 1970s and 1980s, hospitals in Singapore accepted numerous sex change patients from other Southeast Asian countries, with foreigners making up around half of all surgeries performed."

Second sex change operation

Singapore's second sex reassignment surgery was also performed successfully in October 1971 at Kandang Kerbau Hospital by a team of doctors — which included a psychiatrist — headed by Prof. S Shan Ratnam of the University of Singapore’s Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology[5]. The second patient was a 25-year-old bachelor, who was said to be working in the hotel industry. Like his predecessor, he had been using a woman's name and had dressed as a woman for many years.

He had been “unhappy” about his condition and had consulted a private doctor soon after reading about Singapore’s first sex change operation on 30 July 1971. He was referred to the hospital in mid-October 1971 and the operation, lasting about three hours, was performed a day after he was warded. He was also followed up with hormonal treatment to ensure permanency of the change.

Prof. Ratnam urges Government to allow post-op transgenders to change particulars on ICs and passports

Main article: Archive of "'Help sex-change patients to a normal life' plea", The Straits Times, 25 November 1973

On 25 November 1973, Prof. S Shan Ratnam made a speech during the International Y's Men's Club lunch meeting at Hotel Equatorial imploring the Government to allow post-operative transgender Singaporeans to change the particulars on their personal documents so that they could have a better chance of leading normal lives.

A policy directive was subsequently instituted at the National Registration Department to enable them to change the legal gender stated on their national registration identity cards (NRIC) (but not their birth certificates) and other documents which flowed from that, such as their passports.

Of course, one would not expect just one speech by Prof. Ratnam to accomplish this coup which saw Singapore take the lead worldwide with respect to transgender rights. The LGBT community and general public did not know how this was achieved until Ratnam's protege, Assoc. Prof. Arunachalam Ilancheran revealed during a television discussion forum on thirunangai (Tamil male-to-female transwomen) in 2012 that Ratnam lobbied the Government quietly behind the scenes [6]:

First female-to-male sex-change operation

In October 1974, a team of O&G surgeons from the University of Singapore carried out Singapore's first sex reassignment surgery on a woman at Kandang Kerbau Hospital[7]. The operation was the first-ever performed on a woman in the region. It was done in three stages and was described as “highly complex” by medical specialists.

The lengthy procedure began in about August 1974 and the surgeons from the University of Singapore’s Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology again led by Prof. S Shan Ratnam successfully completed the first two stages. Two months later, they carried out the final phase on the woman, who was a Singapore citizen and a Chinese, aged 24 and single. Her name address and other details were kept secret.

Prof. Ratnam also opted to remain silent about the operation. A Ministry of Health spokesman said, “Prof. Ratnam is unwilling to discuss any such operation as he to unable to see the reasons for doing so. This Ministry concurs with his views." Ratnam did, in the past, speak on two male-to-female sex change operations and the problems patients faced. The patient, believed to have been educated in a mission school, had a girlfriend. She was to understood to have been feeling very uneasy and desperate for several months. She was taken through a full investigation, including a thorough psychological analysis by at team of psychiatrists, to determine if she was a “true" transexual who could not bear being a woman at all.

It was only after very careful consideration, including a thorough medical study and psychiatric endorsement — and with the Ministry’s approval — that the operation was given the green light. Once the operation is successfully completed, she applied to the Attorney-General's Office for a change in legal status from "Miss" to "Mister."

Documentary

In a groundbreaking and extremely graphic mondo documentary entitled "Shocking Asia" produced in 1974, transgender women in Singapore revealed the most intimate details about their lives and sex reassignment surgery done by pioneering surgeon, Prof. S Shan Ratnam who also granted an exclusive interview. The operation itself was shown in great detail[8]:

Ratnam is believed to have been unhappy with the final tenor and packaging of the documentary, which can be regarded as a mondo film, as he was probably led by the producers to believe that it would be a scientific, non-sensationalistic project.

Gender Identity Clinic

The Gender Identity Clinic (GIC) and Gender Reassignment Surgery Clinic were set up at the National University Hospital in the early 1990s, two decades after Singapore's first sex change operation was done at Kandang Kerbau Hospital in 1971 by pioneering O&G surgeon and head of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, National University of Singapore, Prof. S Shan Ratnam. The GIC was headed by Ratnam himself until his retirement in 1995, after which leadership passed to his nephew and protege, Dr. C Anandakumar. Owing to the existence of these clinics and the skills of their staff, Singapore was one of the world leaders in gender-affirming surgery for 30 years, performing more than 500 such operations. This gave a new lease of life to many transgender individuals whose bodies did not match their gender identity.

Closure and reopening

In the early 2000s, the National University Hospital's Gender Identity Clinic (GIC), the offshoot of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at Kandang Kerbau Hospital formed a decade ago, was the only facility for sex change operations in Singapore. Although it helped to build Singapore's reputation as a top destination for sex reassignment surgery over the past 30 thirty years[9], its exact location within NUH and the services it provided were kept confidential because of the sensitivity of the more vocal religious fundamentalist segments of Singapore's population to sex reassignment surgery. Since 1971, when the late Prof. S Shan Ratnam performed Singapore's first sex change operation, there had been 500 such procedures, an average of 17 a year. But the GIC had done no male-to-female operations since 2001. Since September 2001, it had performed only four female-to-male operations.

This was because the Ministry of Health had asked hospitals to phase out sex-change surgery in the late 1980s for fear that hospital staff might be exposed to HIV. It was also reported then that the Ministry had not considered sex-change surgery as a life-saving procedure. These objections were lifted in 2001.

The general public could not find any information on the GIC on NUH's website and it was extremely difficult to interview its then consultant, Dr. Arunachalam Ilancheran. Dr. C Anandakumar, who was the specialist-in-charge at the GIC from 1995 to 2001, recounted how, during his time, consultations with transgender patients could only be done on Saturdays and after office hours, as NUH had very little interest in encouraging sex reassignment surgery. Transsexuals would also need to book themselves into single-bed wards after the operation as Dr. Anandakumar claimed "the hospital did not want the transsexuals to mix with other patients". This would push up the cost of the operation, prompting many transsexuals to head to Bangkok for more affordable treatment. However, he conceded that the situation may have changed and added that the clinic had served its purpose well.

In reply to queries from The New Paper, an NUH spokesman said, "All our patients are important to us and we care for them with respect and sensitivity due to any individual. The Gender Identity Clinic operates at the usual hours, as per all other hospital clinics. Patients stay in single room as per MOH regulation since the seventies."

Transwoman Leona Lo completed her psychiatric assessment in Singapore but elected to have her surgery performed in Bangkok. She felt that the lack of information about the GIC deterred transsexuals like herself from having the operation done here. She said, "Many of us can't be bothered to find out more about the GIC as it's so secretive about its services. It signals the clinic is not interested in helping and is ashamed of us. There's always the Bangkok and the surgeons there have done so many operations. The more operations they perform, the better they get. So we're happy to go there." But not all transgender patients were flocking to Thailand. Transwomen were still seeking help from the GIC.

In April 2001, the Gender Identity Clinic at the National University Hospital, which was the last hospital in Singapore where sex change operations were performed, closed without any fanfare. The official explanation was that the gynaecologist in charge, Dr. C Anandakumar, had left for private practice, and without him, the clinic did not have the skills to perform SRS. However, as early as 1987, the Ministry of Health had been directing hospitals to stop doing such operations on foreigners. It also discouraged them for Singaporeans, saying, "the increased danger of AIDS with such patients poses unnecessary risk to hospital staff". However, some believe that the increasing number of Christian doctors filling the administrative ranks of Singapore hospitals over the past decades had a part to play in its shutting down as cross-dressing and sex reassignment are proscribed in the Bible.

This dismayed transgender people seeking to have their operations performed locally. The online edition of the now-defunct newspaper Project Eyeball carried out a survey in June 2001 asking, "Should sex change operations be resumed in Singapore?" 39% of respondents said, "Yes, they are people with valid medical needs, like infertile couples" and 35% said, "Why not? It is legal here, as are transsexual marriages". The results showed that Singaporeans were generally quite supportive.

In June 2001, a petition organised by Jael[10], the founder of the transgender group "FTMs in Asia", urging the re-opening of the Gender Identity Clinic garnered 60 signatures[11]. When asked by The New Paper about the GIC's services, an NUH spokesman replied: 'The NUH Gender Identity Clinic reopened in September 2001 to provide a service to those who request it."

The transgender community's petition was successful, with the clinic discreetly and fully resuming it services in 2003, helmed by Dr. Arunachalam Ilancheran. However, owing to the discrimination against transgender people in Singapore even within some segments of the medical community, the high financial outlay involved and the necessity for psychological clearance, many preferred to have their operations performed sans the hassles in Bangkok, which had by then become the premiere centre for sex reassignment surgery (SRS).

In early August 2001, Singapore's pioneer sex reassignment surgeon and co-author of the book "Cries from within", Prof. S Shan Ratnam, passed away from pneumonia[12]. His death prompted his nephew, Dr. C Anandakumar to relinquish leadership of the GIC to Assoc. Prof. Arunachalam Ilancheran and to leave for private practice. Anandakumar subsequently to head SSR International Private Limited at Camden Medical Centre, an O&G centre of excellence named after his late uncle.

Final closure

The Gender Identity Clinic at the National University Hospital drew its shutters for good in 2008. When asked by The Straits Times in 2014 about the Ministry of Health's stance on sex-change surgery, its role in overseeing the procedure, and why public hospitals had stopped offering it, an MOH spokesman would only say that "sex reassignment operations are not subsidised and are performed with...safeguards".

Demand, however, had not shrunk, according to private psychiatrist Prof Tsoi Wing Foo. Since 1971, Tsoi had seen over 2,000 transgender patients, half of whom went for surgery. A psychological assessment is needed before sex reassignment surgery can be carried out on a patient in Singapore. During the 1970s and 1980s, he had roughly 30 cases a year. From 2007 to 2014, he had seen an average of 40. He did not know why surgery options here were dwindling, but speculated that it could be due to public policy changes or the personal preferences of the few doctors who had undertaken such surgery. Dr C Anandakumar, who was the gynaecologist in charge of the GIC until 2001, declined to speak to press when queried.

Despite the fact that many male-to-female transgender patients were flocking to Thailand for their surgeries because of the lower cost and less stringent psychological requirements, female-to-male transsexuals were still seeking help from the GIC. Such operations are more complex and cost SGD$15,000 or more here. But psychiatrist Prof Tsoi Wing Foo believed that many female transsexuals would head to Bangkok as well once the operation was available there.

Dwindling cases of sex reassignment surgery in Singapore

A 28 December 2014 article in The Sunday Times by Hoe Pei Shan (hpeishan@sph.com.sg) revealed that sex change operations were dwindling in Singapore[13].

In the 1970s, Singapore had become a global destination for sex change surgery, with public hospitals dealing with hundreds of cases every year. Such operations in public hospitals ceased since 2013, forcing transgender people wanting sex reassignment surgery to look to Thailand and South Korea. The National University Hospital (NUH), believed to be the last public hospital to perform sex change surgery, said it no longer offered the procedure. It did not give a reason, and the Ministry of Health (MOH) also did not reply specifically when asked about the issue.

The only known surgeon still performing sex change surgery in private practice - Dr Colin Song of Cape Clinic (Cape Plastic Surgery Pte Ltd) which opened in the middle of 2013 - said that "one known concern" surrounding sex change had been the spread of HIV. The authorities had asked hospitals to phase out sex change surgery in the late 1980s for fear that hospital staff might be exposed to the virus. MOH did not considered sex change surgery as a life-saving procedure. The objection was lifted in 2001.

When asked about the ministry's current stance on sex-change surgery, its role in overseeing the procedure, and why public hospitals had stopped offering it, an MOH spokesman would only say that sex reassignment operations were not subsidised and were performed with... safeguards. Demand, however, had not shrunk, according to private psychiatrist Tsoi Wing Foo, who co-wrote a book on transsexualism here with Singapore's pioneer sex-change surgeon, the late Dr S Shan Ratnam.

Since 1971, Dr Tsoi had seen over 2,000 transgender patients, half of whom went for surgery. A psychological assessment was needed before sexual reassignment. During the 1970s and 1980s, he had roughly 30 cases a year. From 2007 to 2014, he had seen an average of 40. He did not know why surgery options here were dwindling but speculated that it could be due to public policy changes or the personal preferences of the few doctors who had taken on such surgery. Dr C Anandakumar, who had worked with his uncle, Prof Ratnam, declined to speak to The Sunday Times.

Prof Colin Song of Cape Clinic specialised in female-to-male operations and had previously worked at Singapore General Hospital. A male-to- female operation at Cape cost $55,000, with the reverse being slightly more expensive, said Prof Song. While NUH declined to reveal its most recent rates, such operations used to cost between $8,000 and $15,000 in 2018.

Prof Song said he had yet to see a patient for full reconstruction since setting up Cape. Most sought partial reconstruction, such as removing breast tissue, as it changed the outward appearance and is more economical. The adjunct professor at the Duke-NUS Medical School, who had been performing sex change surgery since the early 1990s, said high facility costs were the main reason he could not match the rates public hospitals used to offer. 8 in 10 patients whom Dr Tsoi had referred to him for surgery chose to go to Thailand, "mainly because of costs". In Thailand, a full sex change cost around $20,000 in 2014.

Those who went overseas for surgery might have to do without the immediate support of family and friends right after surgery, while cultural and language differences might affect the quality of post-operative care, said Oogachaga Counselling and Support deputy director Leow Yangfa. Oogachaga provided support for the LGBT community.

Transman activist Joe Wong, who underwent a gender affirming operation in Bangkok, said doctors there were "only concerned about performing the surgery and provided little or no information on post- operative care and follow- up". The then 30-year-old said he knew the risks in having surgery overseas, but with scarce options in Singapore, he had little choice.

See also

• Sex reassignment surgery
• Transgender people in Singapore
• S Shan Ratnam
• Arunachalam Ilancheran
• C Anandakumar
• Tsoi Wing Foo
• Gender Identity Clinic
• Archive of "'Help sex-change patients to a normal life' plea", The Straits Times, 25 November 1973

References

• Chan Meng Choo, "First sex change surgery (1971)", Singapore Infopedia[14].
• Ho Pei Shan, "Sex change operations dwindling in Singapore", The Straits Times, 30 December 2014[15],[16].
• Rachel Chan, "Bet you didn’t know that Singapore used to be a hub for sex change ops", The Popping Post, 16 January 2016[17],[18].
• Chua, M. (1974, November 7). Who really needs a sex-change?. The Straits Times, p. 10.
• Cheow, X. Y. & Fung, E. (2007, March 7). Born in the wrong body. The Straits Times, p. 114.
• Fifth sex-change operation a success. (1972, September 11). The Straits Times, p. 6.
• Kwee, M. (1974, October 20). S’pore’s first sex change woman. The Straits Times, p. 1.
• Lim, S. (1990, May 20). Legal poser over sex-change transsexuals who get hitched. The Straits Times, p. 21.
• Ratnam, S. S., Goh, V. H. H., & Tsoi, W. F. (Eds.). (1991). Cries from Within: Transsexualism, Gender Confusion & Sex Change. Singapore: Longman Singapore. (Call no.: RSING 616.8583 RAT)
• Second sex change operation in S’pore. (1971, November 5). The Straits Times, p. 15.
• Sex change man signs statutory declaration affirming that he is now a woman. (1972, April 16). The Straits Times, p. 6.
• Tan, K. H., & Tay, E. H. (Eds.). (2003). The History of Obstetrics and Gynaecology in Singapore. Singapore: Obstetrical & Gynaecological Society of Singapore: National Heritage Board. (Call no.: RSING q618.095957 HIS)
• Tan, W. L. (1971, August 25). Sex change patient has marriage plans. The Straits Times, p. 8.
• Tan, W. L. (1971, August 31). Man-made woman may not get marriage licence. The Straits Times, p. 6.
• Tan, W. L. (1971, November 11). They’re still ‘misters’ despite sex change. The Straits Times, p. 8.
• Why sex-change patients set up homes overseas. (1975, August 10). The Straits Times, p. 5.
• Yeo, J. (1971, July 31). First sex change surgery in S’pore. The Straits Times, p. 17.
• Jeffrey Hays, "Homosexuality, gay life, and sex change surgery in Singapore", Facts and Details, 2008, updated June 015[19].

Acknowlegdements

This article was written by Roy Tan.